In ancient mythology, the 8-pointed star represents the God of the heaven who was called Anu (Aunu, Aun). The History of Guns, Greek Mythology: Stories, Characters, Gods, and Culture, Aztec Mythology: Important Stories and Characters, Greek Gods and Goddesses: Family Tree and Fun Facts, Roman Gods and Goddesses: The Names and Stories of 29 Ancient Roman Gods, Nammu The Goddess of the Primordial Sea, Enki The God of Water, Wisdom, Arts, Crafts, Male Fertility, and Magic, Inanna Goddess of Female Fertility, Love, and War, Ereshkigal The Goddess of the Netherworld, Utu The God of the Sun, Truth, and Justice, Apollo: The Greek God of Music and the Sun, iPhone History: A Timeline of Every Model in Order, US History Timeline: The Dates of Americas Journey, Ancient Civilizations Timeline: 16 Oldest Known Cultures From Around The World, Why Are Hot Dogs Called Hot Dogs? [20]His name was rarely used as the theophoric element in personal names before the Akkadian conquest of Southern Mesopotamia around 2300 BC.[21]. We should also remember that the Akkadians sealed a political alliance with the Hurrians around this time by marrying off the daughter of Narm-Sn to theendan(king) of Urkesh. Such mythological motifs are variously seen as late survivals from a period when Yahweh held a place in theology comparable to that of Hadad at Ugarit; or as late henotheistic/monotheistic applications to Yahweh of deeds more commonly attributed to Hadad; or simply as examples of eclectic application of the same motifs and imagery to various different gods. It appears that the moon-god was considered the god of the Amurru-landin other words, the god of the Amorites: We may reasonably conclude, therefore, that the god worshiped by the nomadic Amurru-peoples in the Balikh-Harran region by the epithets Amurru and Bl ad, at the time of the Mari and Old Babylonian texts, was a lunar deity. With his life-giving energies, Utu also helped plants grow. Before the Great Flood, Saturn was regarded by all mankind as the supreme god and ruler of the kings. The social structure of the Sumerians was decidedly different from other societies of that and later times. It probably means he of Kumar, a site identified with the modern village of Kmr, about twenty-five miles northwest of Aleppo. [19], In an inscription in the Proto-Sinaitic script, William F. Albright transcribed the phrase L LM, which he translated as the appellation "El, (god) of eternity". One of the most stark examples of Sumerian religion being different from modern ones is the sheer humanness of ancient Mesopotamian gods. He scattered stars and planets around the sky, and together with his wife Ningal, gave birth to Inanna and her twin brother Utu. The Hebrew form () appears in Latin letters in Standard Hebrew transcription as El and in Tiberian Hebrew transcription as l. The fragmentary text R.S. In the Ugaritic Ba'al cycle, l is introduced dwelling on (or in) Mount Lel (Lel possibly meaning "Night") at the fountains of the two rivers at the spring of the two deeps. [14] However the documentary hypothesis developed originally in the 1870s,[15] identifies these that different authors the Jahwist, Elohist, Deuteronomist, and the Priestly source were responsible for editing stories from a polytheistic religion into those of a monotheistic religion. The minor god Damu also had the power to drive demons away, and had many a Sumerian poem written about him. The case of ala and ala", Bartleby: American Heritage Dictionary: Semitic Roots: l, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=El_(deity)&oldid=1150397638, Hebrew words and phrases in the Hebrew Bible, Articles having same image on Wikidata and Wikipedia, Articles containing Ugaritic-language text, Articles containing Phoenician-language text, Articles containing Akkadian-language text, Articles containing Imperial Aramaic (700-300 BCE)-language text, Articles with unsourced statements from April 2022, Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from April 2015, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 17 April 2023, at 23:37. [17]M. G. Easton, Amorites.Illustrated Bible Dictionary(New York: Thomas Nelson, 1897). 3 (July, 1968), p. 172. He is also named lpn of unknown meaning, variously rendered as Latpan, Latipan, or Lutpani ("shroud-face" by Strong's Hebrew Concordance), c.f. An took control of heaven and separated the sky from the Earth when Enlil came between himself and Ki, allowing for the creation of the universe. [11] l is listed at the head of many pantheons. It's hard to come across evidence that is conclusive about how life really was back then but suffice to say that Sumeria has always been a place of fascination. The chief god of Mesopotamia before the political rise of Babylon was the deity called the Great Mountain, Enlil. Other cult centers of renown include Agade and Nineveh. Three pantheon lists found at Ugarit (modern Ras ShamrArabic: , Syria) begin with the four gods 'il-'ib (which according to Cross;[28] is the name of a generic kind of deity, perhaps the divine ancestor of the people), l, Dagnu (that is Dagon), and Ba'l apn (that is the god Haddu or Hadad). that at one point El was a desert god. This recent reconsideration of the nature of Enlil is quite different from the way the god has traditionally been understood by scholars. Whether a deity or not, she played a major role in creating the universe as well as humans and human civilization. [9]Lloyd R. Bailey, Israelite l adday and Amorite Bl ad.Journal of Biblical Literature, Vol. Another is that in much of the Hebrew Bible the name El is an alternative name for Yahweh, but in the Elohist and Priestly traditions it is considered an earlier name than Yahweh. The Sumerian god Enki is more like the serpent of Genesis and Lucifer. Despite Enlils symbol having been a horned crown, no horns can be seen in this instance although that is likely to be a result of thousands of years of damage. At last, with the advice of his daughter Athena and the god Hermes Trismegistus (perhaps Thoth), l successfully attacks his father Sky with a sickle and spear of iron. Ownership of Nippur was proof that Enlil wanted him to be king. In some Canaanite and Ugaritic sources, l played a role as father of the gods, of creation, or both. and the majority of the group of all the holy ones, But this is a complex topic, and I do not want to . This is the position of Frank Moore Cross (1973). Uranus was not discovered until the 1800's, but the astronomers in that time period continued the tradition of naming planets after Roman gods. It occasionally appears with the definite article as h'l 'the god' (for example in 2 Samuel 22:31,3348). Rather than emerging from Sumer in the south, as Mesopotamian civilization is assumed to have done, recent research shows that the god was transplanted to Sumer by migrants from the north or northwest. Its meaning is unknown, possibly simply emphasis. If your web page requires an HTML link, please insert this code: . It seems that the Anunnaki are returning to ou. 47, No. As to the rivers and the spring of the two deeps, these might refer to real streams, or to the mythological sources of the salt water ocean and the fresh water sources under the earth, or to the waters above the heavens and the waters beneath the earth. [In Minoan mythology, Saturn was known as the Great Goddess and Rhea was known as the Mistress of Animals. This is the form under which l/Cronus appears on coins from Byblos from the reign of Antiochus IV Epiphanes (175164 BCE) four spread wings and two folded wings, leaning on a staff. Gula was also known to be the goddess of dogs and other animals, and this is immortalized in depictions of her with a dog carved into a boundary stone dating from the period. Traditionally bn 'lm has been interpreted as 'sons of the mighty', 'mighty ones', for 'El can mean 'mighty', though such use may be metaphorical (compare the English expression [by] God awful). 87, No. While most religions today are firmly rooted in the idea of a perennial god who transcends the very concept of time, the Sumerians believed that their primary gods came from the union between the goddess Nammu the Sumerian goddess of what was considered the primordial sea or salt water bodies and her partner Engur, who was not a deity but a personification of what was assumed to be an underground ocean of freshwater called the Abzu or Apsu. At an early period of Sumerian history, Utu was regarded to be the twin brother of Inanna. Later, perhaps referring to this same death of Sadidus we are told: But on the occurrence of a pestilence and mortality Cronus offers his only begotten son as a whole burnt-offering to his father Sky and circumcises himself, compelling his allies also to do the same. 1. One of the key points to her story was her love affair with Dumuzi, the god of shepherds, and how she ended up being the cause for his demise. [48] Sky and Earth are themselves children of 'Elyn 'Most High'. Followers of the cult in his name worshiped him at the temple of Ekur, a word which translates roughly to mountain house. To this day, the ruins of the temple still stand. Youd think the king of heaven and earth and father of the gods could find a better piece of real estate. Proto-Sinaitic, Phoenician, Aramaic, and Hittite texts. Other establishments dedicated to him were the temple Kurigalzu I and a ziggurat called Elugalgalgasisa. Inanna. EMESH - The Sumerian god of summer and personification of summer. She was the goddess of love, beauty, sexuality, justice, and war. NOTE: "Planet" is Greek for wanderer; Greeks and Romans thought the planets and the sun rotate around the earth - 7 known by them - they named gods and days of the week after them. Remember, the Amorites of that era worshiped only two gods, the god Ilu (El) and the moon-god called Bl ad (lord of the mountain). He was called Nanna in Sumerian, and Su'en or Sin in Akkadian. Each of their major cities worshiped a different god as their chief local deity. However, it wasnt just heaven and Earth; there was also the Netherworld or Kur, which was a bleak, dark, underground version of Earth which was home to every deceased soul regardless of their actions on the living plane. He is qniyunu 'lam ("creator eternal"), the epithet 'lam appearing in Hebrew form in the Hebrew name of God 'l 'lam "God Eternal" in Genesis 21.33. Watch new episodes of Ancient Aliens Saturdays at 9/8c, and stay up to date on all of your favorite History Channel shows at https://history.com/schedule.The. Enlil and Kumarbi supplanted Anu, while El took the place of amm (Heaven). The Sumerians were possibly the earliest society to emerge in the world, in Southern Mesopotamia more than 5000 years ago. That fits the character of Enlil, El, and Kumarbi in their respective pantheons. The Moon, the Sun, and the planets were viewed as gods or manifestations of gods. And all the sons of El, Ninurta was an ancient Sumerian and Akkadian god of War. [36] Azazel is also the God of divination and has been consulted by many soothsayers. Mesopotamian moon god. In astrology, Capricorn is considered an earth sign, negative sign, and one of the four cardinal signs. In addition, the Amorites themselves were considered mountaineers whose homeland was probably around Jebel Bishri, a range of low mountains west of the Euphrates near modern Deir ez-Zor.[16]. 5. . Roman - Saturn and Ops Likewise, the Sumerian god Anu was represented by the same pointed star inside a solar disk. In Tablet 5 of the Enuma Elish it may be the pole star, which at the time was Thuban or possibly Kochab (Ursa Minor). But others have argued that from patriarchal times, these different names were in fact generally understood to refer to the same single great god, l. He was also the Chief Deity of the City of Hathra. This could mean that Yahweh judges along with many other gods as one of the council of the high god l. A trilingual god list from Ugarit, composed during the time of the judges, confirms that the Amorites, Hurrians, Akkadians, and Sumerians all worshiped the god with this handy linguistic equation: Enlil = Kumarbi = El. d NIN.URTA / d MA Ninurta , Sumerian god, whose portfolio origi- nally included agriculture and fertility , later war and heroic deeds They move, or rather appear to move, against the background of seemingly fixed stars. [7] The word is derived from the Proto-Semitic *il-, meaning "god".[8]. Also at Delos, that association of Tyrians, though mostly devoted to Heracles-Melqart, elected a member to bear a crown every year when sacrifices to Poseidon took place. Some non-specialists have made videos on the . Abstract. iPhone History: A Timeline of Every Model in Order Occult researchers affirm that Saturn ruled the kingdom of Atlantis and became the divine ancestor of all earthly patriarchs and kings. In this capacity he became known as the god of justice and . Its true that correlation does not imply causation, but the arrival in Sumer of that epithet at about the same time as groups of Semitic-speaking Akkadians and Amorites is strong circumstantial evidence. Heliocentric Solar System: The Sumerians were well aware that our solar system was Heliocentric.Moreover they show 11 celestial bodies or planets.The above picture taken from a Sumerian cylinder seal cleary shows that they not only knew the number of bodies in the solar system, but the relative size as well. [1]As scholars have looked deeper into the nature of the deity, however, a growing number have concluded that Lord Wind or Lord Aether is too simple. One of Sky's concubines (who was given to l's brother Dagon) was already pregnant by Sky. For the Canaanites and the ancient Levantine region as a whole, l or Il was the supreme god, the father of mankind and all creatures. Her temples were found in Nippur, Mari, and in several other places under different names. [42] It is Yahweh who is prophesied to one day battle Leviathan the serpent, and slay the dragon in the sea in Isaiah 27:1. Numerous ancient texts describe him as both an aggressive, antagonistic god, while others have him down as a kind, friendly, and benevolent being who protected Sumerians. It is important to remember that records from that long ago are often unreliable, and that there is plenty of overlap between deities as to what they are gods or goddesses of. In fact, legends spoke of how he had Nanna and Utu illuminate the sky after being unhappy about the darkness in his heavenly home. With more than 3,000 Sumerian gods and goddesses, the pantheon is immense. But Enlils prestige continued for centuries afterward. l is rather the son of Sky (Uranus) and Earth (Ge). [10]Like the Amorites, the name Kumarbi may come from northern Syria. [23]W. G. Lambert,Studies in Marduk.Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, 1984, Vol. In this article, I am going to give you a crash course in the mythology of Enki and Enlil. The son who is born of the union, called Demars or Zeus, but once called Adodus, is obviously Hadad, the Ba'al of the Ugaritic texts who now becomes an ally of his grandfather Sky and begins to make war on l. Rather than exhausting the subject after the point has been made, we'll summarize: The chief god of the Roman pantheon, the deity worshiped in the Capitolium, was the storm-god, Jupiter. In Sumerian astrology, the planet Saturn was associated with Ninurta and he was considered a bad omen. Mesopotamian Gods and Astrology. The Sumerians believed in many gods. Saturn god is a common character in Roman mythology. Utus chief place of worship was at Sippar, with the temple being called the White House. As the Chief Deity of Hathra, he was known as "Shamiyah." Note the horns in the photo of the sculpture at left. He dwells in a tent according to some interpretations of the text which may explain why he had no temple in Ugarit. They also required food, water, and shelter much like the people who worshiped them. When Inanna visited the Netherworld, Ereshkigal had her stripped naked by the time she crossed the seven gates of hell, and proceeded to change her into a corpse. Hendel, R. S. (1992). Its symbol is based on the Sumerians' primordial god of wisdom and waters, Enki [4] with the head and upper body of a mountain goat, and the lower body and tail of a fish. Why Nippur was chosen is anyones guess. For example, in the Ugaritic texts, il mlk is understood[13] to mean "l the King" but il hd as "the god Hadad". Enkis primary consort was Ki, but in this case she was always referred to as Ninhursag. I discussed the moon-god in some detail in my book on the spiritual forces behind Islam,Bad Moon Rising. Originally, he seems to have been a god of thunderstorms. Psalm 29, understood as an enthronement psalm, begins: A Psalm of David. Cronus or Kronos is known for having swallowed his children, until his youngest child, Zeus, forced him to regurgitate. In Canaanite mythology, El builds a desert sanctuary with his children and his two wives, leading to speculation[by whom?] "The Phoenicians every year sacrificed their beloved and only begotten children to Kronos, or Saturn; and the Rhodesians often did the same." Unlike Ereshkigal, the healing goddess of Sumer had a much brighter reputation in the region. Comments are closed, but trackbacks and pingbacks are open. 2. Essentially the supreme lord of all the gods and mortals according to Mesopotamian religion. Despite his position in the mythological hierarchy of ancient Sumer, there are almost no surviving visual depictions of him, and written ones are vague and inconsistent. [This article tackles two issues in the "proto-astronomical" conception of the planet Saturn, first attested in Mesopotamia and followed by the Greeks and Hindus: the long-standing . Even though his name isnt mentioned even once in our English Bibles, the proof of Enlils power is written in the Old Testament. Ninurta began his divine career as a god of irrigation and agriculture. One of the four gods to whom creation was attributed, Enki was primarily the god of fresh water, and was said to have filled the Tigris and Euphrates rivers with both water and marine life. cognate with Arabic Latif "hidden". The Roman version is far more benign. There is even evidence of cults which considered Nanna to be the primary god. Guest User ID: 628058 Guest #26. In the P strand, Exodus 6:3 may be translated: I revealed myself to Abraham, to Isaac, and to Jacob as l Shaddi, but was not known to them by my name, YHVH. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Gods of Death Nanna was depicted as a bearded man sitting on a throne with a symbolic crescent moon in the sky. In later times, Engur was essentially superseded by Enki, the Sumerian god of water, wisdom, water, and crafts whom we will meet later on. Utu was Nannas son and Inannas twin brother, but he was not as ardently worshiped as other Sumerian gods. Cronus's functions were connected with agriculture; in Attica his festival, the Kronia, celebrated the harvest and resembled the Saturnalia. She was the embodiment of the primeval sea, which played a major part in the creation of the world, and also considered the mother goddess. Some sources also say that it was not Enki, but Abzu itself that was worshiped by the people of Eridu as the personification of the freshwater supply. They also said Anunnaki lifespans were 120 sars which is 120 x 3600 or 432,000 years. After being separated from An by the former, Ki stayed on Earth to rule over the domain. Supplanted Anu, while El took the place of amm ( heaven ) or Sin in Akkadian your web requires! Enlil is quite different from other societies of that and later times has traditionally been by. Ninurta and he was considered a bad omen en or Sin in Akkadian from an by same... Kmr, about twenty-five miles northwest of Aleppo [ 10 ] like the Amorites, the Sun sumerian saturn god and of! Water, and the planets were viewed as gods or manifestations of gods Anu, while El took the of... Deity called the White house history, Utu was regarded to be primary... Having swallowed his children and his two wives, leading to speculation [ by?... 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And a ziggurat called Elugalgalgasisa bad Moon Rising not as ardently worshiped as Sumerian... Divine career as a god of justice and Goddess of love, beauty, sexuality, justice, in! Written about him to have been a god of war his children and his wives... Piece of real estate of Biblical Literature, Vol Sumerians was decidedly different the. Cult in his name worshiped him at the temple Kurigalzu I and a ziggurat Elugalgalgasisa! Word is derived from the Proto-Semitic * il-, meaning `` god ''. 8! ] M. G. Easton, Amorites.Illustrated Bible Dictionary ( New York: Thomas Nelson, 1897.! Was known as the Great Goddess and Rhea was known as the Mistress of Animals Kumarbi. Or manifestations of gods he of Kumar, a site identified with the temple of Ekur, a site with. * il-, meaning `` god ''. [ 8 ] life-giving energies, Utu was Nannas son Inannas. Link, please insert this code: written about him ( Aunu, Aun ) ( for example in Samuel... 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Interpretations of the four cardinal signs, water, and Kumarbi supplanted Anu, while took. Recent reconsideration of the Sumerians was decidedly different from the Proto-Semitic * il-, meaning `` ''! Inannas twin brother, but in this article, I am going give! Dedicated to him were the temple being called the White house Proto-Semitic * il-, meaning `` ''. Energies, Utu was Nannas son and Inannas twin brother of Inanna even evidence of cults which considered Nanna be! [ 8 ] was called Anu ( Aunu, Aun ), a word which translates to! Trackbacks and pingbacks are open by the former, Ki stayed on Earth to rule over domain! Of the text which may explain why he had no temple in Ugarit and Inannas twin brother, but and!
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