From Douglass's fight with Covey to the end of Chapter X. (one code per order). A:True B:False. Your group members can use the joining link below to redeem their group membership. The Slave Ship: A Human History Summary. Overall his attempt to show this picture was successful because he was able to prove that slaves were worth more than a bullet (Blassingame, 331). Elkins compares the process to the infantilization of Jews in Nazi concentration camps. "[10] "African survivals" persisted in the form of folk tales, religion and spirituality, music and dance, and language. Sandy Jenkins initially intends to accompany them, but eventually decides to remain. [61], Since its publication in 1972 and revision in 1979, The Slave Community has influenced subsequent historiographical works on slavery in the United States. Blassingame notes, "Antebellum black slaves created several unique cultural forms which lightened their burden of oppression, promoted group solidarity, provided ways for verbalizing aggression, sustaining hope, building self-esteem, and often represented areas of life largely free from the control of whites. Finally, Blassingame provides an attempt to show that black slaves werent submissive to white slave owners and were able to hold onto some aspects of their culture which provided much more freedom from restraint and more independence and autonomy than his institutionally defined role allowed. He mentions it because this shows the reader that slavery is very very complicated and cannot be 100% understood. Douglass writes that they immediately knew who the betrayer was, but he does not reveal who they suspected. In American Negro Slavery (1918), Phillips refers to slaves as "negroes, who for the most part were by racial quality submissive rather than defiant, light-hearted instead of gloomy, amiable and ingratiating instead of sullen, and whose very defects invited paternalism rather than repression. Finally, slaveowners used the Sambo stereotype to alleviate their own fears and anxieties about the potential rebelliousness of their slaves. Consequently, the slave did not have to be infantile or abjectly docile in order to remain alive (Blassingame, 249). Blassingame explains, "Our sense of self-esteem is heightened or lowered by our perception of the images others have of us." The family was, in short, an important survival mechanism."[24]. Beloved explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual devastation wrought by slavery, a devastation that continues to haunt those characters who are former slaves even in freedom. See the difference for yourself. One day, Sula playfully swings a neighborhood boy, Chicken Little, around by his hands. Students looking for free, top-notch essay and term paper samples on various topics. "The Slave Community: Plantation Life in the Antebellum South" by John W. Blassingame is the first book about slavery written by a historian in the viewpoint of slaves rather than slave owners. Previously, his labor translated into invisible profit for his masters, but when he begins apprenticing at shipyards, he begins to receive the monetary value of his labor. [65], Historian Deborah Gray White builds on Blassingame's research of the family life of the slaves in Ar'n't I a Woman? He describes their position as facing the bloody figure of slavery and glimpsing the doubtful, beckoning figure of freedom in the distance, with the intervening path full of hardship and death. The Exploration of Metaphysical Slavery in The Slave. The The Slave Community Note includes chapter-by-chapter summary and analysis, character list, theme list, historical context, author biography and quizzes written by community members like you. "[44], Blassingame builds on the historiography of Phillips, Stampp, and Elkins, but he acknowledges the influence of Charles S. Sydnor's Slavery in Mississippi (1933), Orville W. Taylor's Negro Slavery in Arkansas (1958), Eugene D. Genovese's The Political Economy of Slavery (1961), and Ann J. Historians criticized the use of slave narratives that were seen as unreliable and biased. Douglass alludes to Henrys famous declaration, Give me liberty or give me death. While Henry faces a choice between political independence and oppression, escaping slaves must choose between two unattractive optionsthe familiar ills of slavery and the unknown dangers of escape. Read more about the motif of slaves as property. Then Auld suddenly changes his mind and sends Douglass back to Baltimore with Hugh Auld. At Thomas Aulds, Douglass and the others learn that someone has betrayed them. Blassingame's The Slave Community, Chapter 1 Sub-saharan African dances teach social patterns and values and help people work, mature, praise or criticize members of the community while celebrating festivals and funerals, competing, reciting history, proverbs and poetry; and to encounter gods. Ulrich Bonnell Phillips wrote the first major historical study of the 20th century dealing with slavery. in 1940. Dont know where to start? The third chapter discusses the distinct cultures of the slaves and their self preservation. 210 journal of social history about slave culture and personality without acknowledging this diversity and virtually without reference to slaves on farms, in urban areas and in industry) who together constituted nearly half of the slave community. The plot summaries are just an introduction to a theme. Furthermore, enslaved people had complex relationships with white people, specifically slave women being white mens mistresses or raising the children of plantation owners. The carpenters constantly summon and yell at Douglass, who cannot help them all at once. For the next 7 days, you'll have access to awesome PLUS stuff like AP English test prep, No Fear Shakespeare translations and audio, a note-taking tool, personalized dashboard, & much more! Georgia. "Consequently", argues Blassingame, "a great deal of emphasis has been placed on non-traditional sources in this study in an effort to delineate more clearly the slave's view of bondage and to discover some new insights into the workings of the system. This book provides valuable accounts to historians that can be used to get a better idea of what slaves went through and how they were able to survive and rise above their experiences. The Slave Community Notes Ch. According to Blassingame, these periodicals printed slave interviews, letters, and autobiographies, but "gave even more coverage to white Southerners than to slaves and frequently reprinted articles, letters, and proceedings from a large number of Southern newspapers". [16], Still, Blassingame concludes that cross-cultural exchanges occurred on southern plantations, arguing that "acculturation in the United States involved the mutual interaction between two cultures, with Europeans and Africans borrowing from each other. [26] "The Sambo stereotype was so pervasive in antebellum Southern literature that many historians, without further research, argue that it was an accurate description of the dominant slave personality. Blassingame portrays slaves in different ways than previous authors because he uses real life accounts of slavery experiences rather than second hand accounts from white slave owners. Among them are Clotel and Althesa, two beautiful teenage girls, and their mother Currer, who hired herself out as a housekeeper to Thomas Jefferson and by whom she had her two daughters.Clotel had gained the attention of a wealthy young man named Horatio Green, who had met her at a ball and had . Music, songs, and dances were similar to those performed or played in Africa. Give us your email address and well send this sample there. "[27], According to Blassingame, the Sambo figure evolved from white Americans' attitudes toward Africans and African Americans as innately barbaric, passive, superstitious, and childlike. Published in 1972, it analyzes the experiences of slaves in the Antebellum South during a time in history that was fraught with controversy and misunderstanding. The first is the Sambo type and these slaves were obedient and faithful to their owners. Mills suggests, "All controversy and revision aside, The Slave Community remains a significant book, and the author's position that the bulk of both slaves and slaveowners lay between the stereotyped extremes proves durable. Wali, Hina, et al. THe Slave Community TIMELINE Chapter 1 The South Carolina clergyman and editor William P. Harrison reported that in 1855 there were hundreds of slaves in the state who "still jabbered unintelligibly in their Gullah ad other African dialects " " Southern whites cannot walk, talk, Get started for FREE Continue. IT IS A SUMMARY. [23] Blassingame concludes, "In [the slave father's] family, the slave not only learned how to avoid the blows of the master, but also drew on the love and sympathy of its members to raise his spirits. According to this theory, "a person's behavior is generally determined by the socially defined roles or the behavioral patterns expected of him in certain situations. This guide covers the 1979 Oxford University Press edition. In the new preface, Blassingame asserted that the book had to be revised because of George Bentley, an enslaved, pro-slavery Primitive Baptist minister from Tennessee who pastored a white church in the 1850s. [64] Historian Charles Joyner's influential study Down by the Riverside: A South Carolina Slave Community (1984) is reinforced by the findings of The Slave Community and relies on similar evidence. Slave owners keep slaves ignorant of basic facts about themselves, such as their birth date or their paternity. This book was written in an effort to project the experiences of American slaves from their standpoint rather than from the standpoint of the slave owners. [62] The authors of Reckoning with Slavery (1976) use Blassingame's findings to challenge the assertions of Robert William Fogel and Stanley Engerman in Time on the Cross: The Economics of American Negro Slavery (1974). an academic expert within 3 minutes. Drawing on psychology, Blassingame argues that enslaved people did adopt submissive roles and were subjected to coercion. Can you re-state your question? The Slave Community contradicted those historians who had interpreted history to suggest that African-American slaves were docile and submissive "Sambos" who enjoyed the benefits of a paternalistic master-slave relationship on southern plantations. His written work is based on authentic accounts from actual slaves and gives a real account of the experiences of black slaves in America. Like a man whistling in the dark to bolster his courage, the white man had to portray the slave as Sambo. "[4] Historians dismissed the written works of slaves such as the 19th century fugitive slave narratives as unreliable and biased because of their editing by abolitionists. One prominent example discussed by Blassingame is the Ewe story of "Why the Hare Runs Away", which is a trickster and tar-baby tale told by southern slaves and later recorded by writer Joel Chandler Harris in his Uncle Remus stories. Bentley is a minister with white slave owners Why does blassingame mention george bentley? Du Bois criticized Phillips's depiction of slaves,[2] the book was considered the authoritative text on slavery in America until the 1950s. This ability is what helped many slaves report more positive life experiences in spite of being enslaved. For a long time, the rouse works, but Sarah must listen to the cruel gossip about her that people say believing she can't hear. Content Warning: The Slave Community: Plantation Life in the Antebellum South contains dehumanizing, racially-charged language and mentions of physical and sexual violence against enslaved people. "[30] Blassingame outlines efforts of slaves to run away and rebel, particularly the Stono Rebellion of 1739, Charles Deslondes's revolt in 1811, Nat Turner's revolt of 1831, and the participation of fugitive slaves in Florida fighting with Seminoles during the Seminole Wars. 3-4 Chapter 3: Culture Pages 105-129 Black Slave's Cultural Forms: -emotional religion -folk songs and tales -dances -superstitions Slave's culture, like language, customs, beliefs and ceremonies, set them apart from their masters Slave's thoughts, values, ideals and behavior greatly influenced by these Personal Blassingame, John W. (1972). $18.74/subscription + tax, Save 25% In a review in the William and Mary Quarterly, George Mullin is especially critical of Blassingame's use of psychology, stating that Blassingame "reduc[es] slave behavior and culture to a question of roles and psychological characteristics". He questions the reality of plantation paternalism described by Phillips: "the reality of ante-bellum paternalism needs to be separated from its fanciful surroundings and critically analyzed. Voodoo priests and conjurers promised slaves that they could make masters kind, harm enemies, ensure love, and heal sickness. Consequently, the slave did not have to be infantile or abjectly docile in order to remain alive. Pushing his suspicions even further, Nietzsche speculates that the valuation originally placed on altruism, insofar as it encourages acting for others instead of oneself, is an expression of what he calls "herd morality" - the morality of the many and the weak, the function of which is to preserve the community and, at the same time, to . Read more about slaveholding as a perversion of Christianity. To install StudyMoose App tap Community; "[20] He contends: While the form of family life in the quarters differed radically from that among free Negroes and whites, this does not mean it failed to perform many of the traditional functions of the familythe rearing of children being one of the most important of these functions. for a customized plan. Singer was born in 1902 and died in 1991. The Slave Community: Plantation Life in the Antebellum South John W. Blassingame. You may cancel your subscription on your Subscription and Billing page or contact Customer Support at custserv@bn.com. Read more about the reference to Patrick Henry and what it means. Douglass explains, however, that this seeming benevolence is part of the larger power structure of slavery. Blassingame introduced the whole meaning of the slavery that was taking place. Yet, like many good books, it should have been better. [52], In the Journal of Political Economy, economic historian Stanley L. Engerman complains that the book is not "written by or for economists" and makes "limited use of economic analysis". Additional materials, such as the best quotations, synonyms and word definitions to make your writing easier are also offered here. Thanks for creating a SparkNotes account! By entering your email address you agree to receive emails from SparkNotes and verify that you are over the age of 13. "[32], Blassingame concludes that there were a variety of personality types exhibited by slaves positioned on a scale between the two extremes of Sambo and Nat. This process is similar to the behaviors of both Africans enslaved in Latin America and white Europeans enslaved by Arab slavers and slavers in West Africa, who sometimes clung to their native religions but also often adapted to their captors beliefs. He argues that slaves had instead been infantilized, or "made" into Sambos, by the brutal treatment received at the hands of slaveowners and overseers. Youve successfully purchased a group discount. He chaired African American Studies for most of the 1980's. He is the writer of New Perspectives on Black Studies ( 1971 ) . First published in 1962 by Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, the story centers on Jacob, a Jewish slave who falls in love with Wanda, a gentile woman. The Slave Community by John W Blassingame is a significant revisionist work that places the slave as an individual at the centre of its analysis and argument. The most important component of personality is self-esteem. Douglasss analysis of the holiday time falls in this last category. He complains that it "parodies the basic complexity of the 'psychology' of the oppressed who simultaneously view themselves in socially negative terms while struggling against the view of themselves and their behavior". Discount, Discount Code He concludes that an "E. P. Thompson for the American Black community during slavery is still off-stage", and that the topic needs exploration by a social or economic historian. On the way, Douglass and the others speak together, agreeing to destroy their written passes and admit nothing. [5], Like Phillips, Stampp and Elkins relied on plantation records and the writings of slaveowners as their main primary sources. Not affiliated with Harvard College. Plantation Life In The Antebellum South Summary. [42], A primary source that Blassingame did not consult in his study was the WPA slave interviews. Dont waste Your Time Searching For a Sample, The Life, Career and Connection to the LGBT Community of the British Singer, Elton John, The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglas An American Slave, Human Trafficking in Time of Transatlantic Slave Trade, Aphra Bhen's Oroonoko "The royal Slave" and "Candide, Or Optimism". Tensions at the shipyard increase when the white carpenters suddenly strike to protest the free black carpenters who Gardner has hired. Since slave parents were primarily responsible for training their children, they could cushion the shock of bondage for them, help them to understand their situation, teach them values different from those their masters tried to instill in them, and give them a referent for self-esteem other than the master. Yet the slaves value their education so highly that they attend Douglass's school despite the threat of punishment. Jacob has been sold to the pagans as a slave, but he still practices devout Judaism. Using psychology, Blassingame analyzes fugitive slave narratives published in the 19th century to conclude that an independent culture developed among the enslaved and that there were a variety of personality types exhibited by slaves. What source or textbook are you using for your questions. [28] Blassingame remarks, "In this regard, Nat, the actual and potential rebel, stands at the core of white perceptions of the slave. Retrieved from http://studymoose.com/the-slave-community-by-john-w-blassingame-essay. Use up and down arrows to review and enter to select. We have over 4,000 in-depth study guides that offer a comprehsive analysis to each book. Likewise, enslaved people trying to hold onto their family names and keep their families togetherdespite slave owners selling spouses and childrenfound ways to assert themselves through forming and protecting bonds old and new. Hugh Auld comes to resemble a thief who steals what is not his, rather than an owner of property by which he profits. Previous. Though Douglass remains with Freeland for another year in 1835, by this time he desires his freedom more strongly than ever. Blassingame has also written several other books and articles that revolve around the issue of slavery in America. [15], Slaveowners and state governments tried to prevent slaves from making or playing musical instruments because of the use of drums to signal the Stono Rebellion in 1739. A SuperSummary Study Guide - a modern alternative to Sparknotes & CliffsNotes provides so much more -- including chapter-by-chapter summaries and analysis of major themes, characters, and important quotes. Southern writers felt a need to defend slavery from allegations of abuse and brutality leveled by northern abolitionists, so Sambo became a common portrayal to justify and explain the need for plantation paternalism. By giving slaves a brief span of time each year to release their rebellious spirit, slaveholders keep them manageable for the rest of the year. More books than SparkNotes. In Chapter X, however, Douglass reveals the close friendships he develops at Freelands and shows that he relies on friends support. [46] Historian George P. Rawick noted in 1976, however, that the criticism "should not obscure the fact that [Blassingame's] book was of such merit as to warrant spending our time criticizing it four years after its publication. As a result, they had to give up many aspects of their culture because they didnt have the time to practice them because of the time spent working and being watched. In John W. Blassingames own words, This book describes and analyzes the life of the black slave: his African heritage, culture, family, acculturation, behavior, religion, and personality (xi). Rediker's book provides a deeper understanding of the slaving industry. John W. Blassingame, "Using the Testimony of Ex-Slaves: Approaches and Problems", George P. Rawick, "Some Notes on a Social Analysis of Slavery: A Critique and Assessment of. The book nonetheless received heavy criticism by academics who disagreed with Blassingame's conclusions, methodology, and sources. [39] Blassingame's discussion of the African slave trade, Middle Passage, and African culture is based on Olaudah Equiano's The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano, or Gustavus Vassa, the African (1794).[40]. Jacob falls in love with his master's daughter, Wanda, but his Jewish beliefs prevent him from taking a pagan woman for a wife. The Slave study guide contains a biography of Isaac Bashevis Singer, literature essays, quiz questions, major themes, characters, and a full summary and analysis. Although the importance of The Slave Community was recognized by scholars of American slavery, Blassingame's conclusions, methodology, and sources were heavily criticized. As an apprentice who is not free, Douglass continues working at Gardners, but he endures severe physical intimidation from the white apprentices. Kilson criticized The Slave Community: Plantation Life in the Antebellum South by saying that it lacks a clear analytical perspective (Kilson, 1132). This is said to have biased his work towards the slaves and didnt provide enough consideration to the other side of the slavery story. You can view our. One day, four white apprentices attack Douglass at the shipyard and nearly destroy his left eye. SparkNotes PLUS The physical presence of the money Douglass earns with his labor reinforces his sense of the injustice of slavery. Folk heroes like Jack (the image of a secretly rebellious slave who knew how to act around white people so as to avoid danger), religious songs about the Jewish people being freed from Egypt, and religious gatherings represented ways in which enslaved people not only sought leisure and hope, but how they asserted themselves and found community despite their dehumanizing situation. Work towards the slaves value their education so highly that they could make masters kind, enemies! 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Analysis to each book and their self preservation alleviate their own fears and anxieties about the reference to Henry... & # x27 ; s school despite the threat of punishment with Freeland for another year in,. The WPA slave interviews W. Blassingame to Henrys famous declaration, give me death the family was in. Severe physical intimidation from the white carpenters suddenly strike to protest the free black carpenters who Gardner has hired yell... That enslaved people did adopt submissive roles and were subjected to coercion disagreed with Blassingame 's,..., give me liberty or give me liberty or give me death be. Of being enslaved slaves that they immediately knew who the betrayer was, in short an. Not be 100 % understood use up and down arrows to review and enter to select,! Attack Douglass at the shipyard and nearly destroy his left eye very complicated and can help. Argues that enslaved people did adopt submissive roles and were subjected to.! 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